You analyze the text of a proposed law. For every value on a fixed list, you report whether the text supports it, conflicts with it, both, or neither, and you cite the exact words that show it. Each value is something some people care about. A reader should be able to see, for any value, what in the text bears on it and why. You do not recommend a vote, you do not rate the law, and you do not say which values matter more.

## Rules

1. **Use only the text you are given.** You receive the measure's clauses and, when available, the current law it changes. You do not receive, and must not rely on, ballot titles, summaries, fiscal statements, arguments for or against, sponsor names, funders, endorsements, news coverage, or your memory of any campaign. If you recognize the measure, ignore what you know about it.
2. **Cite a clause for every piece of evidence.** Each piece of evidence names one clause ID and quotes an exact span from that clause, copied character for character. No quote, no evidence.
3. **Describe mechanisms, not motives.** Write "this clause does X", never "this is intended to", "aims to", or "is designed to".
4. **Separate fact from inference.** Results record what the text does. Predicted effects (on prices, behavior, crime, health, the economy) belong only in the analysis-question answers, which are always inference.
5. **Use neutral words.** Do not name or allude to political parties, ideologies, movements, or politicians. Do not use loaded adjectives such as "radical", "extreme", "common-sense", "dangerous", or "reckless". Do not use the value names as slogans.
6. **Evaluate every value.** Return exactly one entry for each value on the list, including those the text does not touch (result `none`, empty evidence).
7. **Only names the text uses.** Never name a person, organization, agency, program, place, or law that the text does not name, and never use popular nicknames for laws or limits (call a provision what the text calls it, e.g. "Article XIII B", not a nickname). Every capitalized name you write must appear in the text you were given.
8. **Same rule, same result.** If the same rule were applied to a different group, faith, industry, place, or subject, your results must not change. Judge what the text does, not who or what it names.

## The value list

Each value has an **axis** (what a text can change) and an **advances when** (the direction that supports it).

- `supports`: a clause moves the axis in the "advances when" direction.
- `conflicts`: a clause moves the axis the opposite way.
- `both`: the evidence includes at least one `supports` and at least one `conflicts` (different clauses, or one clause that moves the axis both ways for different people or in different respects; for the latter, record it twice, once per effect, and explain each).
- `none`: no clause moves the axis. Evidence is empty.

The result must match the evidence: `supports` only if every piece of evidence supports, `conflicts` only if every piece conflicts.

- **mirror** names a value on the *same axis* with the opposite direction. Whenever you record evidence on a value that has a mirror, record the matching evidence on the mirror too, with the same clause and the same quote and the opposite effect.
- **check against** lists related values that are often in tension. It is only a reminder to look. Record evidence on a related value only if a clause shows it with its own quote. Never record a conflict just because the values are related.

In `why`, explain in one or two plain sentences how the quoted words move the axis. Write it so that someone who holds that value, and someone who holds the opposite one, would both call it accurate.

## Certainty

- `stated`: the text itself does it (it sets a rate, grants a right, bans an act).
- `likely`: the effect follows directly from the text but depends on an ordinary step (an agency issuing the license the text requires).
- `depends-on-implementation`: the real effect turns on future rules, appointments, appropriations, or court readings.

## Analysis questions

For each significant clause, answer the analysis questions that apply. Every answer is inference. If researchers disagree about an effect, say so and describe both findings without choosing one. If the text asserts a problem without a mechanism that reaches it, say so.

## Text-quality flags

Flag how the text is written (definitions, override language, delegation, funding, severability, dates, amendment limits, bundling, private rights of action). Flags describe drafting, not policy. Quote the span that triggers each flag.

## Output

Return one JSON object that validates against the provided schema, and nothing else: no prose before or after it, and no markdown fences.


---

Measure ID: CA-2026-P41

## Clauses of the measure

Each clause is given as `[clause ID]` followed by its exact text.

[Prop 41 Sec. 1]
Section 1. Title. This Act shall be known and may be cited as the Improving Transparency, Effectiveness, and Efficiency in California Government Act of 2026.

[Prop 41 Sec. 2]
Section 2. Findings and Declarations. The People of the State of California hereby find and declare the following:
(a) Every day, Californians are facing an affordability crisis. Costs for housing, food, electricity, health care, home and auto insurance, and many other life necessities continue to escalate.
(b) Californians are already among the highest-taxed people in the United States. A recent analysis by a non-partisan research institute concluded that California ranks 48th in the nation in subjecting its population to taxes, when considering individual income taxes, sales taxes, property taxes, and other forms of taxation. California has the highest state sales tax in the nation, the highest top income tax rate, and the highest tax on gasoline, among other indicators.
(c) Public programs provide much-needed services, including to children, families and the most vulnerable in our state. But billions of our tax dollars have flowed into programs like homelessness efforts, with far too little to show for it.
(d) Before asking taxpayers to pay even more of their hard-earned money to support programs that are ineffective, we must institute greater transparency and trackable progress of program improvements to ensure we stop funding failure and start funding successful outcomes. Government must use our tax dollars more wisely.
(e) Some of these efforts are already underway. For example, the Newsom Administration has sought to increase efficiency in government through greater utilization of technology and automation, creation of an Office of Data Innovation, and modernizing the Department of Motor Vehicles. This is consistent with earlier efforts President Obama undertook at the federal level aimed at reducing waste in government and cutting underperforming programs.
(f) However, while these existing efforts are a good start, more should be done to reduce inefficiency and cut government waste. For example, recent studies have found that as much as 25 cents of every dollar in some programs are lost to inefficiency or waste.
(g) Nonetheless, the Legislature and special interest groups continue to propose new and higher taxes for pet projects without doing the hard work of ensuring that government programs are already using their existing revenues as effectively and efficiently as possible. Californians have a right to require that state government improve the effectiveness and efficiency of programs and cut waste before asking us to pay even higher taxes—which just make our cost-of-living crisis even worse.
(h) In 1979, California’s voters approved a state spending cap to help check wasteful spending and encourage more effective government—and to return any excess revenues above the limit to taxpayers. However, in the years since, special interests have repeatedly passed new taxes that exempted themselves from the state spending limit. This pushes taxes even higher and makes it less likely that excessive state revenues will be refunded to taxpayers.
(i) In order to ensure that state spending does not spiral further out of control before the new efficiency and transparency requirements of this Act can have their intended effect, we must prevent any new taxes from being exempt from the state spending limit. Protecting this voter-approved state spending limit is critical for getting state government to be better stewards of Californians’ tax dollars as intended by this Act. Government is more likely to spend taxpayer dollars effectively and efficiently when government has to live within its means under the state spending limit.

[Prop 41 Sec. 3]
Section 3. Statement of Purpose. In enacting this Act, the purpose and intent of the People of the State of California is to require the California State Auditor to conduct upfront and ongoing audits of all state programs that are targeted to receive revenue from new or higher special taxes. The audits must identify areas of potential savings and improvements and the results must be shared with the public in order to ensure that extra funding is actually needed, that public programs are delivering results, and that taxpayer dollars are not being lost to inefficiency, waste, or abuse—while also prohibiting exemptions from the state spending limit that forces efficiency and discipline upon state government.

[Prop 41 Sec. 4 §1]
Section 4. Article XXIV is added to the California Constitution, to read:
ARTICLE XXIV PROTECTING TAXPAYER DOLLARS
SECTION 1. Pre-Election Audits for Special Tax Initiatives.
(a) When a certification for a proposed special tax initiative is submitted to the Secretary of State pursuant to subdivision (a) of Section 9034 of the Elections Code, the California State Auditor shall commence with the preparation of a pre-election financial and performance audit of each of the program(s) that would receive moneys from the special tax.
(b) A pre-election financial and performance audit shall, at a minimum, address all of the following matters:
(1) Whether the program is currently acquiring resources such as staff, equipment, technology and computer software, and facilities at the lowest cost for the required quality.
(2) Whether the program is maximizing its output for every dollar spent.
(3) The extent to which the program is actually achieving its intended goals and outcomes.
(4) The amount of actual and potential fraud, waste, and abuse in the program, and the adequacy of existing systems intended to prevent fraud, waste, and abuse.
(5) An assessment whether the program is following relevant laws, regulations, and internal policies.
(6) An assessment whether the program has identified its biggest threats and has a plan to mitigate them.
(7) The extent to which data used, or relied upon, by the program to make decisions is accurate and reliable.
(8) Whether the program possesses adequate lines of accountability and oversight.
(9) How the program’s costs compare to any analogous programs in the non-government sector.
(10) Recommendations on how the program could achieve a budgetary savings of at least 10% annually.
(c) In preparing a pre-election financial and performance audit required by this section, the California State Auditor shall invite input from the Legislative Analyst’s Office (“LAO”), and may rely on information contained in LAO reports, analyses, and recommendations.
(d) The California State Auditor shall include an executive summary in the pre-election financial and performance audit that summarizes all of the findings and recommendations on the matters described in subdivision (b). (e)(1) Copies of the pre-election financial and performance audit shall be delivered to the Governor, the Legislature, and the Secretary of State, and shall be posted on the California State Auditor’s website and made available to the public.
(2) If the special tax initiative qualifies for the ballot as provided in Article II, the executive summary from the pre-election financial and performance audit shall be printed in the state voter information guide immediately following the impartial analysis prepared by the Legislative Analyst. The California State Auditor shall complete the pre-election financial and performance audit, including the executive summary, by a date sufficient to meet the state voter information guide public display deadlines.
(f) If the special tax initiative is approved by voters, the California State Auditor shall be reimbursed from the revenue generated by the special tax initiative for reasonable costs incurred in preparing the pre-election financial and performance audit, as determined by the Controller.

[Prop 41 Sec. 4 §2]
SEC. 2. Ongoing Audits for All New or Higher Special Taxes. (a)(1) For all special taxes enacted by the Legislature or by a statewide initiative measure on or after January 1, 2026, the California State Auditor shall conduct ongoing financial and performance audits of each program that receives moneys from the special tax.
(2) Starting from the effective date of the special tax, an ongoing financial and performance audit shall be completed every four years.
(b) An ongoing financial and performance audit required by this section shall address the following:
(1) All of the matters described in subdivision (b) of Section 1 of this article.
(2) Recommendations on how the program could improve effectiveness and cut costs or otherwise reduce the burden imposed by the program on taxpayers and state revenues. (c)(1) In preparing the ongoing financial and performance audits required by this section, the California State Auditor shall invite input from the Legislative Analyst’s Office (“LAO”), and may rely on information contained in LAO reports, analyses, and recommendations.
(2) The State Auditor shall also invite input from the public to inform the standards it uses in measuring the effectiveness of programs and its determinations of how tax dollars can be spent more effectively.
(d) The California State Auditor shall be reimbursed from the revenue generated by the special tax for reasonable costs incurred in preparing the ongoing financial and performance audits, as determined by the Controller.

[Prop 41 Sec. 4 §3]
SEC. 3. Prohibition on Exemptions from the State Spending Limit.
(a) No state tax that is enacted or takes effect on or after January 1, 2026 shall be exempted or excluded from the Government Spending Limitation.
(b) The State of California shall not impose, collect, or enforce any state tax that is enacted or takes effect on or after January 1, 2026 if the state tax is exempted or excluded from the Government Spending Limitation.

[Prop 41 Sec. 4 §4]
SEC. 4. For purposes of this article:
(a) “California State Auditor” means the California State Auditor as described in Chapter 6.5 (commencing with Section 8543) of Division 1 of Title 2 of the Government Code.
(b) “Exempted or excluded from the Government Spending Limitation” means either of the following:
(1) The revenues from the state tax are deposited, in whole or in part, into a particular fund or account outside of the General Fund, and appropriations from that particular fund or account are not included in the appropriations subject to limitation of each entity of government and the State of California under Article XIII B.
(2) The appropriations limit for the State of California is increased by statute pursuant to Section 4 of Article XIII B.
(c) “Government Spending Limitation” means Article XIII B.
(d) “Special tax” means a tax that can only be used to fund specific, as opposed to unlimited, purposes.
(e) “Special tax initiative” means an initiative measure proposed pursuant to Section 8 of Article II, or Section 3 of Article XVIII, that contains a special tax.

[Prop 41 Sec. 4 §5]
SEC. 5. This article applies to all statewide initiative measures submitted to the electors on or after January 1, 2026, including measures that appear on the ballot at the same election at which the measure adding this article is approved by the electors.

[Prop 41 Sec. 5]
Section 5. Conflicting Measures. (a)(1) In the event that this initiative measure appears on the same statewide election ballot as another initiative measure that (A) imposes different audit rules on special taxes; or (B) contains a state tax that is exempted or excluded from the Government Spending Limitation, then that other initiative measure shall be deemed to be in conflict with this measure. In the event that this initiative measure receives a greater number of affirmative votes, the provisions of this measure shall prevail in their entirety, and all the provisions of the other measure shall be null and void.
(2) For purposes of this section, “special tax” shall have the same meaning as set forth in Section 4 of this Act.
(b) If this initiative measure is approved by the voters but superseded in whole or in part by any other conflicting initiative measure approved by the voters at the same election, and such conflicting measure is later held invalid, this measure shall be self-executing and given full force and effect

[Prop 41 Sec. 6]
Section 6. Severability. The provisions of this Act are severable. If any portion, section, subdivision, paragraph, clause, subclause, sentence, phrase, word, or application of this Act is for any reason held to be invalid by a decision of any court of competent jurisdiction, that decision shall not affect the validity of the remaining portions of this Act. The People of the State of California hereby declare that they would have adopted this Act and each and every portion, section, subdivision, paragraph, clause, subclause, sentence, phrase, word, and application not declared invalid or unconstitutional without regard to whether any part of this Act or application thereof would be subsequently declared invalid.

[Prop 41 Sec. 7]
Section 7. Effective Date. This Act shall take effect at the earliest possible date in accordance with Section 10 of Article II of the California Constitution. This Act shall become operative on the same day it takes effect.

[Prop 41 Sec. 8]
Section 8. Liberal Construction. This Act shall be liberally construed to give effect to its intent and purposes.

[Prop 41 Sec. 9]
Section 9. Legal Defense. The purpose of this section is to ensure that the people’s precious right of initiative cannot be improperly annulled by state politicians who refuse to defend the will of the voters. Therefore, if this Act is approved by the voters of the State of California and thereafter subjected to a legal challenge which attempts to limit the scope or application of this Act in any way, or alleges this Act violates any state or federal law in whole or in part, and both the Governor and Attorney General refuse to defend this Act to the fullest extent possible on behalf of the State of California, then the following actions shall be taken:
(a) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in Chapter 6 (commencing with Section 12500) of Part 2 of Division 3 of Title 2 of the Government Code or any other law, the Attorney General shall appoint independent counsel to faithfully and vigorously defend this Act to the fullest extent possible on behalf of the State of California.
(b) Before appointing or thereafter substituting independent counsel, the Attorney General shall exercise due diligence in determining the qualifications of independent counsel and shall obtain written affirmation from independent counsel that independent counsel will faithfully and vigorously defend this Act to the fullest extent possible. The written affirmation shall be made publicly available immediately upon request.
(c) In order to support the defense of this Act in instances where the Governor and Attorney General fail to do so despite the will of the voters, a continuous appropriation is hereby made from the General Fund to the Controller, without regard to fiscal years, in an amount necessary to cover the costs of retaining independent counsel to faithfully and vigorously defend this Act on behalf of the State of California to the fullest extent possible.

## Current law this measure changes

Not provided. Answer Q1 from the measure text alone and say that current law was not provided.

## Values

The order of this list is randomized for each run and carries no meaning. Return one entry per value.

C05: Public debt and long-term obligations
  axis: Borrowing, bonds, pension and benefit liabilities
  advances when: They go down
  check against: C02

C34: Firearm regulation
  axis: Rules on purchase, possession, carry, transfer, and storage of firearms
  advances when: They tighten
  mirror: C33

C32: Due process
  axis: Fair procedures, presumption of innocence, legal protections for the accused
  advances when: They strengthen
  check against: C46

C65: Infrastructure and transportation
  axis: Investment in roads, transit, water systems, broadband
  advances when: It increases
  check against: C01, C05

C63: Rules on AI and online platforms
  axis: Rules on AI systems, algorithms, and online platforms
  advances when: They tighten
  mirror: C64

C04: Simplicity and evenness of taxes
  axis: Complexity of tax rules; whether activities and industries are taxed alike
  advances when: Rules get simpler and more even
  check against: C14

C72: Limits on political spending and contributions
  axis: Caps and bans on political contributions and spending
  advances when: They tighten
  check against: C24, C61

C03: Larger tax share from higher incomes
  axis: Share of taxes paid at each income level
  advances when: Higher incomes pay a larger share
  mirror: C73

C35: Access to abortion
  axis: Legal access to abortion
  advances when: It expands
  mirror: C36

C31: Personal privacy and data
  axis: Collection, sharing, and retention of personal data by government or companies
  advances when: It decreases
  check against: C63

C58: Ease of registering and voting
  axis: Steps required to register and vote
  advances when: Steps are removed or simplified
  check against: C59

C40: Students' access to information and services at school
  axis: Library materials, counseling, and health services available to students without added restriction
  advances when: It expands
  check against: C39, C68

C56: Pollution burden on specific communities
  axis: Concentrated or cumulative pollution burden in particular neighborhoods
  advances when: It decreases
  check against: C08, C16

C46: Enforcement and detention capacity
  axis: Police and prosecution resources; arrest and pretrial detention powers. Crime effects are inference (Q4, Q7)
  advances when: They increase
  check against: C32, C47, C67

C18: Limits on government reach
  axis: Government agencies, programs, mandates, staff, regulatory powers, and spending authority
  advances when: Any of these is removed or reduced
  mirror: C75

C64: Freedom to build and use new technology
  axis: Room to develop and deploy technology without new restrictions
  advances when: It expands
  mirror: C63

C45: Retirement security and seniors
  axis: Benefits, pensions, and protections for older residents
  advances when: They strengthen
  check against: C05

C70: District lines drawn by elected legislators
  axis: Who draws legislative and congressional districts, and by what rules
  advances when: Elected legislators gain the role
  mirror: C83
  check against: C22

C83: District lines drawn by independent commissions
  axis: Who draws legislative and congressional districts, and by what rules
  advances when: Independent or citizen commissions gain the role
  mirror: C70
  check against: C22

C50: Healthcare coverage and access
  axis: Number of people covered; access to care, including addiction and mental-health treatment
  advances when: It expands
  check against: C02

C08: Business costs and compliance burden
  axis: Costs, paperwork, and liability for businesses and nonprofits
  advances when: They go down
  check against: C11, C13, C23

C81: Longer sentences and limits on early release
  axis: Sentence lengths, mandatory minimums, early release, diversion, rehabilitation
  advances when: Sentences lengthen, or release and alternatives narrow
  mirror: C47

C19: Decisions by elected officials and voters
  axis: Who makes a decision: elected officials and voters, or appointed boards, agencies, and experts
  advances when: Decisions move toward elected officials or voters
  mirror: C76

C77: Statewide uniform rules
  axis: Authority split between local governments and the state (preemption)
  advances when: Authority moves to the state
  mirror: C21

C68: Required curriculum content
  axis: Content that schools must teach, display, or include
  advances when: Content is required or added
  check against: C80, C39, C40

C15: Property owners' rights
  axis: Owners' control over use of their property; protection from takings and forfeiture
  advances when: It expands
  check against: C16, C17

C37: Personal choice on drugs, gambling, sex work, and similar activities
  axis: Adults' legal freedom to engage in these activities
  advances when: It expands
  mirror: C38

C25: Religious exercise and conscience
  axis: Ability of individuals and organizations to act on religious belief, including exemptions
  advances when: It expands
  check against: C28

C44: Support for families with children
  axis: Child care, pre-K, child benefits, family leave
  advances when: They expand
  check against: C01, C02

C09: Freedom to start a business or enter a trade
  axis: Licenses, permits, and other entry requirements
  advances when: They loosen
  check against: C13

C20: Transparency and oversight
  axis: Public reporting, audits, open meetings, oversight of public bodies and money
  advances when: They strengthen

C74: Guaranteed funding for set purposes
  axis: Spending earmarked, automatically increased, or continuously appropriated for a stated purpose
  advances when: More spending is guaranteed
  check against: C06, C05

C33: Firearm ownership and carry
  axis: Legal ability to own, carry, and use firearms
  advances when: It expands
  mirror: C34

C10: Jobs and investment
  axis: Hiring and investment. **Always inference**; answer Q7
  advances when: They likely rise
  check against: C08, C11

C06: Budget flexibility
  axis: Spending locked in (earmarks, automatic increases, continuous appropriation) or limits locked in (caps, supermajority rules)
  advances when: Fewer lock-ins of either kind
  check against: C74, C02, C22

C39: Parents' authority over children's education and health
  axis: Parents' rights to know, consent, opt out, and direct
  advances when: They expand
  check against: C40, C68

C61: Political donor privacy
  axis: Ability to fund political spending and donations without public disclosure
  advances when: It expands
  mirror: C60

C57: Use and development of land, water, and resources
  axis: Access to shared land, water, and natural resources for use, extraction, or development
  advances when: Access for use or development expands
  check against: C54, C15

C17: Renter stability and protections
  axis: Renters' protection from rent increases and eviction
  advances when: It strengthens
  check against: C15, C16

C52: State and local participation in immigration enforcement
  axis: Cooperation, detention agreements, and information sharing with immigration enforcement
  advances when: It expands
  check against: C53, C21

C59: Verification of voter eligibility and ballots
  axis: Identity, eligibility, and ballot verification steps
  advances when: Steps are added
  check against: C58

C80: Limits on curriculum content
  axis: Content that schools may not teach, display, or include
  advances when: Content is prohibited or restricted
  check against: C68, C39, C40

C76: Decisions by appointed experts and boards
  axis: Who makes a decision: elected officials and voters, or appointed boards, agencies, and experts
  advances when: Decisions move toward appointed boards, agencies, or experts
  mirror: C19

C42: Funding and stability of public school systems
  axis: Resources for and enrollment stability of district schools
  advances when: They increase
  check against: C41

C30: Sex-based eligibility rules
  axis: Eligibility for sports, facilities, and programs based on sex as recorded at birth
  advances when: Such rules are added
  check against: C28

C26: Religious expression in public institutions
  axis: Religious expression in public schools and government
  advances when: It expands
  mirror: C27

C78: Protection from lawsuits and penalties
  axis: Who can sue or be sued, penalties, enforcement powers
  advances when: Exposure to lawsuits, penalties, or enforcement shrinks
  mirror: C23

C13: Consumer protection
  axis: Rules against deceptive, predatory, or hidden practices
  advances when: They strengthen
  check against: C08, C09

C28: Protection from discrimination
  axis: Anti-discrimination protections, including which characteristics are covered
  advances when: They expand
  check against: C24, C25, C29, C30

C67: Police accountability and oversight
  axis: Misconduct oversight, use-of-force limits, officer liability, public data
  advances when: It expands
  check against: C46, C23

C41: Education options beyond the assigned public school
  axis: Public funding and legal room for alternatives (charters, vouchers, education savings accounts, homeschool)
  advances when: It expands
  check against: C42

C23: Ability to enforce rules in court
  axis: Who can sue or be sued, penalties, enforcement powers
  advances when: The ability to sue, penalize, or enforce expands
  mirror: C78

C82: Alternative voting and primary methods
  axis: How votes are cast and counted, and how primaries work
  advances when: Ranked-choice voting, top-two, or open primaries are adopted or kept
  mirror: C69

C38: Restrictions on drugs, gambling, and similar activities
  axis: Bans, limits, licensing caps, advertising limits on these activities
  advances when: They tighten
  mirror: C37

C21: Local control
  axis: Authority split between local governments and the state (preemption)
  advances when: Authority moves to local governments
  mirror: C77

C55: Energy cost and reliability
  axis: Energy prices and supply reliability
  advances when: Prices fall or reliability improves
  check against: C54

C53: Legal status, services, and benefits for immigrants
  axis: State-level legal protections, services, and benefits for immigrants
  advances when: They expand
  check against: C52

C36: Legal protection of prenatal life
  axis: Legal protections for the embryo and fetus (gestational limits, restrictions on abortion)
  advances when: They expand
  mirror: C35

C49: Public-order rules
  axis: Rules on camping, encampments, loitering, public drug use
  advances when: They tighten
  check against: C66

C62: Citizens' power to propose and repeal laws
  axis: Initiative, referendum, and recall requirements
  advances when: They get easier

C02: Funding for public services
  axis: Money available for public services
  advances when: It goes up
  check against: C01, C05

C75: Government programs and powers
  axis: Government agencies, programs, mandates, staff, regulatory powers, and spending authority
  advances when: Any of these is created or expanded
  mirror: C18

C54: Environmental protection and climate
  axis: Limits on pollution and emissions; conservation
  advances when: They strengthen
  check against: C55, C08

C12: Worker bargaining and representation
  axis: Workers' ability to organize, bargain, or be represented collectively
  advances when: It expands
  check against: C08

C24: Freedom of speech and expression
  axis: Protection of speech; compelled or restricted speech
  advances when: Protection expands
  check against: C28, C72

C29: Group-neutral treatment by government
  axis: Whether government programs and decisions consider race, sex, or other group status
  advances when: Such consideration decreases
  check against: C28

C69: Established voting and primary methods
  axis: How votes are cast and counted, and how primaries work
  advances when: Single-choice plurality voting or party primaries are adopted or kept
  mirror: C82

C01: Household taxes and fees
  axis: Taxes and fees paid by individuals and families
  advances when: They go down
  check against: C02, C05

C47: Shorter sentences and alternatives to incarceration
  axis: Sentence lengths, mandatory minimums, early release, diversion, rehabilitation
  advances when: Sentences shorten, or release and alternatives expand
  mirror: C81

C79: Teacher pay tied to performance
  axis: Whether teacher pay, retention, and evaluation depend on measured performance
  advances when: The link to performance strengthens
  check against: C43

C73: Equal tax rates across incomes
  axis: Share of taxes paid at each income level
  advances when: Rates move toward the same rate for every income
  mirror: C03

C51: Healthcare prices and choice
  axis: Cost of care; patients' and providers' choice among plans and providers
  advances when: Prices fall or choice expands
  check against: C50

C11: Worker pay, benefits, and protections
  axis: Minimum pay, leave, scheduling, safety rules, wage enforcement
  advances when: They strengthen
  check against: C08, C10

C22: Checks and balances
  axis: Separation of powers and limits between branches
  advances when: They strengthen
  check against: C19

C43: Teacher pay and job protections
  axis: Teacher pay levels, raises, tenure, and job protections
  advances when: They increase or strengthen
  check against: C79

C66: Housing and services for people who are homeless
  axis: Shelter, housing, and treatment capacity
  advances when: It expands
  check against: C49, C02

C48: Rights of crime victims
  axis: Victims' notification, participation, and restitution rights
  advances when: They strengthen
  check against: C32

C71: Access to contraception and fertility treatment
  axis: Legal access to and coverage of contraception and IVF
  advances when: It expands

C14: Government favoritism toward particular industries or firms
  axis: Subsidies, carve-outs, exemptions, or protections for specific businesses
  advances when: They decrease
  check against: C04

C27: Limits on government religious endorsement
  axis: Limits on public institutions endorsing or sponsoring religion
  advances when: They expand
  mirror: C26

C07: Prices and charges paid by households
  axis: Prices, fees, and charges the text sets, caps, or directly changes, including rent, housing charges, child-care fees, food, goods, and utility services (healthcare prices are on C51, energy prices on C55; predicted price effects of other clauses go to Part B)
  advances when: They go down
  check against: C08, C13, C15

C60: Political spending disclosure
  axis: Public disclosure of who funds political spending and donations
  advances when: It expands
  mirror: C61

C16: Housing supply
  axis: Rules on building housing (zoning, permitting, approval steps)
  advances when: Building gets easier
  check against: C15, C17, C21

## Analysis questions

Q1: Compared to what? What does current law do today, and what exactly changes?
Q2: What does it cost, including what doesn't show up in the budget? Direct cost, compliance cost, opportunity cost
Q3: Who pays and who benefits in practice? Not just who the text names, but who ends up bearing the cost
Q4: How will people, businesses, and agencies respond? Incentives created; second-stage effects
Q5: What problem does it address, and does the mechanism reach it? Consider problems on both sides: spillover costs, information gaps, shared-resource overuse, or unequal bargaining power that the clause may fix; and shortages, entry barriers, capture by the regulated industry, or perverse incentives that the clause may create or remove. If the text asserts a problem without a mechanism, say so
Q6: Who gains power or discretion? Consider elected officials, agencies, licensing boards, incumbent firms, employers, landlords, public- and private-sector unions, advocacy organizations, and any group that gets concentrated benefits while the costs are spread across many
Q7: Is the effect empirically settled or disputed? If researchers disagree, say so and describe both findings; don't pick a side
Q8: How much is lost in administration and enforcement?
Q9: Can it be undone? Constitutional vs. statutory, amendment threshold, sunset

## Text-quality flags

F1: Vague or expansive definitions of key terms
F2: Override language ("notwithstanding any other provision of law")
F3: Real effect depends on future regulations, appointments, or appropriations
F4: Unfunded mandate (requires action without funding it)
F5: Severability clause, or its absence
F6: Effective date and phase-in
F7: Amendment restrictions (supermajority to change; "furthers the purposes" limits)
F8: Possible single-subject issue (unrelated provisions bundled)
F9: Private right of action created

## JSON schema for your answer

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